Polysilicon is obtained from quartz with the application of carbon arc in an electric arc furnace.

By casting molten polysilicon in a block, an ingot or silicon block is formed.

To obtain wafers, ingots are separated using wire saws.

Wafers are subjected to a solar etching process to produce hexagonal or rectangular-shaped wafers.

After cleaning the wafers they are introduced to a phosphorous diffusion furnace.

An anti-reflective coating is applied to the top part of the cell to reduce the loss of sunlight.

Aluminized conductive material is deposited on the back surface of each cell by displacing the diffused phosphorous layer.

Each solar cell is then tested and arranged in a framework to form a solar panel.